effect size, in plain language

Statistical significance is an essential but confusing concept. As I’ve discussed in this space before, statistical significance fundamentally concerns the chance that a given quantitative result is the product of random chance, of variability that’s inherent to real-world numbers. (Update: Better — the odds that we’d observe the given result, or a more extreme result, simply […]

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to be a better amateur

At the beginning of this chat I had with Noah Millman, you’ll note my caveat: I speak as a dedicated but decidedly amateur student of artificial intelligence. Noah makes a similar announcement. I was thrilled to be invited by him to discuss issues of the philosophy and theory of knowledge of AI, and I had […]

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a scientific definition of causation

Whenever I get into these correlation and causation battles (and I do frequently, both in the university and online), they seem to go wrong in two ways: one, people often insist on an entirely unhelpful definition of the word “implies,” and two, people often presume some quantitative signifier of absolute causation that does not exist in […]

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